巴西投资概况（二）
编辑： 管理员 文章来源： 日期：09-09-29 点击：12631
政治概述：
国家体制：议会民主制联邦共和国，巴西宪法赋于政府广泛的权利。
行政权力：总统是国家元首和政府首脑兼武装部队总司令，拥有行政权力。总统与副总统由普选产生，任期四年。内阁成员由总统任命。
立法权：议会，也叫国民议会，由参议院和众议院组成，巴西26个州政府和巴西利亚联邦区可以独立立法和行政。
主要政党：劳工党（左翼）执政党
民主党(右翼)
巴西民主运动党
巴西社会民主党（左翼）
巴西共产党（左翼）
现任政府领导：总统：路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦，2003年1月1日就任，劳工党成员。
副总统：若泽·阿伦卡尔，2003年1月1日就任，劳工党成员
下届大选日期：2010年10月
新闻自由指数：
World Rank: 84/169
Evolution: 9 places down compared to 2006
政治自由指数：
Political freedom: 2/7
Civil liberties: 2/7
Ranking: Free
对外贸易数据
巴西并不是自由贸易度非常高的国家，其出口额在全世界排名第22位，远远低于其经济潜在能力。巴西主要的贸易伙伴是南美共同市场（阿根廷，巴西，巴拉圭和乌拉圭）、美国和中国。
|
Foreign trade indicators |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
|
Imports of goods (millions USD) |
48,290 |
62,809 |
73,606 |
91,350 |
120,621 |
|
Exports of goods (millions USD) |
73,084 |
96,475 |
118,308 |
137,807 |
160,649 |
|
Imports of services (millions USD) |
15,378 |
17,260 |
24,356 |
29,116 |
37,250 |
|
Exports of services (millions USD) |
10,447 |
12,584 |
16,047 |
19,462 |
- |
|
Imports of goods and services (annual % change) |
-1.6 |
14.4 |
9.3 |
18.1 |
13.2 |
|
Exports of goods and services (annual % change) |
10.4 |
15.3 |
10.1 |
4.6 |
3.5 |
|
Imports of goods and services (in % of GDP) |
12.1 |
12.5 |
11.5 |
11.7 |
10.7 |
|
Exports of goods and services (in % of GDP) |
15.0 |
16.4 |
15.1 |
14.7 |
12.9 |
|
Trade Balance (millions USD) |
24,794 |
33,666 |
44,703 |
46,458 |
- |
|
Trade Balance (including service) (millions USD) |
19,863 |
28,990 |
36,394 |
36,804 |
- |
|
Foreign trade (in % of GDP) |
27.1 |
29.0 |
26.7 |
26.4 |
- |
Source: Source: World Bank - World Development Indicators
主要合作伙伴国
|
Main customers (% of exports) |
2008 |
|
United States |
14.0% |
|
Argentina |
8.9% |
|
China |
8.3% |
|
Netherlands |
5.3% |
|
Germany |
4.5% |
|
Other partners |
59.0% |
|
Main suppliers (% of imports) |
2008 |
|
United States |
7.5% |
|
China |
5.8% |
|
Argentina |
3.8% |
|
Germany |
3.5% |
|
Japan |
2.0% |
|
Other partners |
77.5% |
Source: Comtrade
主要产品
|
Main exports (% of exports) |
2008 |
|
Ores, slag and ashOres, slag and ash |
9.5% |
|
Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their...Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes |
9.4% |
|
Vehicles other than railway or tramway...Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling-stock, and parts and accessories thereof |
7.4% |
|
Iron and steelIron and steel |
6.5% |
|
Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and...Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof |
6.4% |
|
Other products |
60.8% |
|
Main imports (% of imports) |
2008 |
|
Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their...Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes |
19.8% |
|
Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and...Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof |
14.9% |
|
Electrical machinery and equipment and parts...Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles |
11.5% |
|
Vehicles other than railway or tramway...Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling-stock, and parts and accessories thereof |
7.4% |
|
FertilizersFertilizers |
5.4% |
|
Other products |
41.1% |
Source: Comtrade
汇率政策
汇率制度：浮动汇率
货币不稳定因素：自1990年以来，缺少外汇管理制度。2002年后，通货膨胀得到控制，货币稳定并走向强势。
|
Monetary indicators |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
|
Brazilian Real (BRL) - Average annual exchange rate for 1 USD |
3.08 |
2.93 |
2.43 |
2.18 |
1.95 |
Source: World Bank - World Development Indicators
商贸约定
巴西加入的国际公约International Conventions
Member of World Trade Organisation
Party to the Kyoto protocol
Party to the Washington convention on International trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora
Party to the Basel convention on the Control of Transboudary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their disposal
Party to the Montreal protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer
Party of the International coffee agreement 2001
Party to the Kyoto protocol
Party to the Washington convention on International trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora
Party to the Basel convention on the Control of Transboudary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their disposal
Party to the Montreal protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer
Party of the International coffee agreement 2001
巴西加入的主要经济合作组织Main International economic cooperation
Member of MERCOSUR
Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)
Free Trade Area of the Americas (ALCA/FTAA)
Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)
Free Trade Area of the Americas (ALCA/FTAA)
Party of the ATA Convention on temporary admissions and use of the carnets：No
巴西加入的国际公路运输协定Party of the TIR Convention：No
巴西进口附属单据Accompanying documents for imports：
- single administrative document (SAD)
- commercial invoice (in triplicate, preferably in Portuguese, with a detailed description of the goods, the country of purchase, origin and provenance, tariff details, registration number in the importer's register of commerce and the classification number of the goods)
- phytosanitary or health certificate;
- free sale certificate for cosmetics;
- radioactive non-contamination certificate;
- certificate of analysis and origin for wines, consular declaration for other types of alcoholic beverages;
- transport documents and packing list.
- commercial invoice (in triplicate, preferably in Portuguese, with a detailed description of the goods, the country of purchase, origin and provenance, tariff details, registration number in the importer's register of commerce and the classification number of the goods)
- phytosanitary or health certificate;
- free sale certificate for cosmetics;
- radioactive non-contamination certificate;
- certificate of analysis and origin for wines, consular declaration for other types of alcoholic beverages;
- transport documents and packing list.
巴西的免税区Free Zones：
There are 8 free zones in Brazil but only the Zona Franca de Manaus has managed to attract foreign investment and experienced real economic development.
Non tariff barriers：
A large number of imported products are subject to a prior license application to the SECEX (Secretariat for Foreign Trade), which is the only organization authorized to issue this license. The license is valid for 60 days from the date of shipment of the goods (sometimes from the date of the license application). This period cannot be extended and is often insufficient. A new license application must then be made. For textiles, regulations are even more strict: the license is only issued if payment is carried out within 30 days following the date of the B/L (importers have to prove that they have effectively paid within the 30 days).
All imports must be accompanied at least by 2 copies of the commercial invoice and the B/L. In the case of non-compliance with the legal requirements of the country, the Customs have the right to impose large fines, up to 100% of the usual Customs duties being common. It is advisable in any case to work with a very good Brazilian Customs broker who alone will be in a position to be informed more or less in due course about Customs regulations. It is necessary to consult the numerous sanitary regulations before importing anything.
All imports must be accompanied at least by 2 copies of the commercial invoice and the B/L. In the case of non-compliance with the legal requirements of the country, the Customs have the right to impose large fines, up to 100% of the usual Customs duties being common. It is advisable in any case to work with a very good Brazilian Customs broker who alone will be in a position to be informed more or less in due course about Customs regulations. It is necessary to consult the numerous sanitary regulations before importing anything.
Sectors or products for which commercial disagreements have been registered with the WTO：
Petrol, agricultural dumping, cotton, citrus fruit, heavy industry, patents (with the United States); aeronautical construction (with Canada); coffee, poultry, sugar, heavy industry (with the European Union). Brazil is often attacked for its import restrictions and on its side makes complaints about the agricultural subsidies in the OECD countries.
Standards巴西质量标准
National standards organizations 巴西国家质量标准组织：
Brazilian technical standards association
Brazilian committee for standardization in the fields of electricity, electronics and telecommunications
Brazilian committee for standardization in the fields of electricity, electronics and telecommunications
Integration in the international standards network 巴西加入的国际标准体系：
Member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), of theInternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), of the Global Ecolabelling Network (GEN), of the Pan-American Standards Commission (COPANT) and of the MERCOSUL Association for Standardization (AMN) and of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), which has become the GSI after merging with a European group (an organization concerning chains of logistics and bar codes).
Classification of standards：ABNT, NBR standards.
Assessment of the system of standardization：
The Brazilian consumer's approach is twofold: the 40 million richest Brazilians have requirements close to those of OECD countries' markets regarding the quality standards of the goods they buy. On the other hand, the rest of the population is especially careful about prices and the product's commercial image.
